EL GAITERO, A WORLDWIDE CIDER/ El Gaitero, una sidra mundial

Since ancient times, apples and cider have been basic elements of Asturian gastronomy and culture. During the 19th century, a large part of the Asturian population saw emigration to America as a way out for their prosperity and future. The tradition of cider consumption crossed the Atlantic together with those Indians, where the ways and customs of cosmopolitan life would also arrive, among which refreshing and sparkling drinks were an essential part. A discovery totally alien to the world of cider, the champagne process, would bring the Asturians the taste of the land with which to fulfill their nostalgia. In 1888,  brothers Alberto and Eladio del Valle, financed by Bernardo de la Ballina and Angel Fernandez, bought the necessary machinery for the champanisation of cider in the council of Villaviciosa, Asturias. On 24th May 1890, the Valle, Ballina y Fernandez partnership was set up. From October the same year, the first shipments of champagne cider were sent to the rest of the Spanish peninsula and America.

The company established its brand under the image of El Gaitero. Its success on the mainland and in America was resounding. The quality of the product was recognised through multiple awards wherever it was presented, such as the permanent exhibitions in Chicago, Puerto Rico and Brussels. Villaviciosa had become a place where tradition and innovation joined forces to produce a successful product. In 1895, Eladio del Valle and Angel Fernandez left the company and transferred their rights to Obdulio Fernandez Pando, who gave new push to the company. A year later, La Espuncia estate was acquired, an area next to the Villaviciosa estuary which gave it a strategic location. In 1900, the partners Valle, Ballina and Fernandez transformed the company into a public limited company, with a capital of 1,500,000 pesetas- around 9,000 €. In 1915, the bottle factory was built, a symbol of the new times. With the help of El Gaitero, cider began to be known beyond the Asturian borders. Taking advantage of the large Asturian colony in the new world, El Gaitero increased its presence in the American markets. From the very first moment, Obdulio Fernandez Pando increased his spending on advertising and managed to make the brand known all over the world. Jose Cardin Fernandez, Obdulio Fernandez’s nephew and a doctor by profession, is considered the founder of the brand and a haven for other ciders. During the 1950s he managed to modernise the facilities, as well as diversify production and take advantage of the communicative power of cinema.

His greatest success, without a doubt, was to turn the image of El Gaitero into a symbol of identity. Jose Cardin Fernandez was also a great patron of the town of Villaviciosa until his death in 1992, when his sons took over the company. Today, the company Valle, Ballina y Fernandez is a modern company which, without abandoning its traditional activity, has been able to expand its field of activity and has an outstanding presence in markets all over the world. In 2000, Jose Cardin Fernandez Cultural Foundation was created. This foundation was created with the aim of recovering, maintaining, extending, exhibiting and spreading the company’s heritage, as well as promoting the world of cider and apples, especially in the Principality of Asturias. Likewise, since its inception, the foundation has devoted special attention to the preservation of the historical and artistic heritage of Asturias and, particularly, of the municipality of Villaviciosa. In the 21st century, El Gaitero cider continues to be the image of Asturias, a good example of how culture and tradition can adapt to the new times, while still representing the strength of a community.

In the first exhibition room you can see two areas, where they show the American markets  Sidra El Gaitero reached – Argentina, Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico or the United States – and photos that testify to its presence in celebrations, Asturian centres, etc… You can also see the wooden boxes engraved with the brand, the destination and the product for export through the estuary until the 70s. The bottles travelled wrapped in straw covers to protect them from knocks and wire was used to hold the cork in place to prevent it from being blown out under pressure. You can see many advertising posters, the first campaigns in which the picture of the piper with the handmade costume appears, in black and white and in colour, as well as other objects that were used at that time to promote the cider. El Gaitero has a web page called ‘Bellezas de Asturias’- Beauties of Asturias-, where you can see black and white images of the history of the brand and appreciate in more detail the handmade work of those years, nowadays already automated: how they labelled, made the wooden boxes or the blown glass bottles, how they loaded the boats in the estuary, etc… At that time more people worked for less production, today it is the opposite. The silent film is protected in the Video Library of Oviedo, being the oldest moving film preserved in Asturias:

In another room, also divided into two areas, you can appreciate the history of the family, where the largest painting represents one the first managers of the company, D. Obdulio Fernandez, next to which you can see the bust of his sucesor, his nephew D. Jose Cardin, a doctor and one of the most important people in the company. Also on display are the original paintings by Julio Garcia Mencia representing the company’s first three brands – El Gaitero, El Asturiano and La Asturiana – presented at the Paris Expo in 1900. We can also see machinery of that time, such as the bubble or artificial carbon dioxide injector for the natural cider, the filler, the corking machine and the one that braided the wire that held the cork in place. The original image of the brand, the one chosen by the founders for their cider, dates from 1886, by the painter Fernandez Cuevas, who portrayed the piper on an ‘espicha’- convivial meal- day, although it was never known who he was. There is also a model of the company in the 1940s, now on a larger scale, aerial photos from the 1950s, labels and collars. And showcases with the El Gaitero glass, where more formats of the brand appear apart from the silver and gold collars. Centenary ciders, sweet ciders, jams and jellies, nougat, preserves from the factory in Gijon, wines from La Rioja and the latest creations, Sidra Rosé, Spring Ciders and 1/3 bottles.

This year marks 134 years since the company was founded, so the machinery has been changing and evolving throughout this time. The exhibition shows old machines that were used in the factory at different times, in chronological order, the most important being the following:

Metal packaging machine for sweets, jellies, jams, marmalades, nougat, preserves, etc…; a wire winder, which rolls up the muselet or muzzle that holds the cork of the bottles of sparkling cider one by one; corking machines; a pallet truck from the 1950s; a multiple filler, similar to those used for soda siphons, which filled up to six bottles at a time; an ink marker to hand-paint the wooden boxes in the manner of a printing press. One of them still works, which is used to make decorative murals such as the one at the entrance, although from the 1970s onwards, for economic reasons, the wooden box was changed to cardboard; a transfer pump with original pressure gauges, the oldest and most historically important machine in the whole exhibition.

The saturator, or gas injector, was bought in Paris in 1888. The founders were already making natural still cider, but when they travelled to America the cider did not hold and became vinegary during the long journeys. They started to travel around Europe looking for a solution and saw that carbon dioxide was injected into other drinks such as water, so they thought that it would also help to preserve their cider. This is how Asturian carbonated cider was born as a necessity for export and trade. 80% of the carbonated production was exported, which meant that this type of product was better known outside our borders than in Spain. Today, 70% remains nationally and 30% is exported.

100 years ago, the factory employed more than 300 people at a time to produce 2,000,000 bottles a year. As a result of industrialisation, the number of workers was reduced to fewer than 70 to produce 25,000,000 bottles a year. Finally, what remains of the bottle kiln is the tall chimney that appears on the brand’s symbol.

In the outside area, the apples are placed and stored in silos known as ‘canigú’, which are only used three times a year. Harvesting takes place from mid-September to mid-December; the rest of the year, the juice collected during this period is used. Tractors and lorries enter the factory with the apples, which are weighed, tipped into the hopper and then moved up a pipe with a spiral worm screw to a conveyor belt and finally to a trolley where they are transported and deposited in a sort of small mounds on either side. Operators with rakes enter where the apples are placed and push the different varieties towards the water flow, which only circulates along the metal axis, like a river, with removable lids to choose the apples that we want to enter the circuit, which float and are transported to the press area. The cider is made from a mixture of sweet, sour and bitter apples – the latter two dominating – and table apples, whose sweetness increases the alcohol content, can also be used.

In SERIDA (Regional Service for Agri-Food Research and Development) there are 550 Asturian varieties registered, more than 7,500 worldwide. Of these, only 76 have a Designation of Origin and these are used to make Asturias PDO cider. For the rest, apples from neighbouring provinces – Galicia, Leon, Zamora or Zaragoza – are also used, especially in even years, when there are fewer apples. This, which happens to many fruit trees, is called ‘veceria’ and consists of the alternation in the quantity of fruit between odd and even years. This variety will always have this characteristic, but by means of grafting in SERIDA, new varieties are being obtained that resist veceria, with which it is hoped that in the future Asturias will be self-sufficient in apple cultivation.

The apples that come from the well go up a stainless steel pipe, with pressurised water jets inside for the final wash. The apples then fall into the crusher, with motors in the central area that move the blades, turning them into a mass of seed, skin and pulp that is pumped into an intermediate stainless steel tank. This is the lung tank, which feeds the two presses: 7 tonnes every hour and a half in each press. They squeeze the mass and separate the juice from the waste or magaya (pomace). The juice falls through the lower pipes into a well, from where smaller pipes lead to the cellars. The magaya comes out into the central screw and is offered to farmers and livestock breeders to be used as animal fodder and fertiliser for the land, or even for making cheese or jewellery. The yield is 70 %: for every kilo of apple, the press produces a 70 cl. bottle of cider.

When the varieties with Designation of Origin are received, the circuit is different. The process also begins in the outside area, but once they go up the screw, they fall into another box, are transferred by conveyor belt and go up stainless steel pipes, where two operators check all the apples and remove those with imperfections or in poor condition. The selected apples go into boxes that cover the motors where there are moving blades. Once crushed, they are taken through another pipe to a tank that has two functions: macerator and press. The maceration lasts 12 hours and by leaving it to rest, the juice is further enriched, improving its aromas and intensifying its colours. Once pressed, the juice falls into a different tank and is pumped to the Denomination of Origin cellar. The magaya comes out through a funnel and is picked up by a lorry for transport.

In March the first bottles of cider made between September and December of the previous year are released onto the market.

The central cellar is the first one that was built when the company was inaugurated more than 100 years ago, where there are almost 200 chestnut wood barrels with a capacity of 20,000 litres each on the first level, 10,000 on the second and 5,000 on the third. This cellar ceased to be used 9 years ago, in 2015, as, for reasons of hygiene, it was decided not to keep the wood in contact with the cider. It is still being restored, as it is a nationally protected industrial heritage site. A food resin is poured inside, reminiscent of the sealing wax of old letters, as it has a very bright red colour and a plastic-coated appearance, which becomes a barrel inside the wooden cask. Fermentation lasts just over four months, with alcoholic fermentation taking place during the first month, when the sugar is transformed into alcohol. This is followed by malolactic fermentation, which is slower, for a further two or three months. The cider is racked and the cask is changed to remove the lees, i.e. the sediment that remains at the bottom of the cask, which if not removed would turn into vinegar. For the traditional cleaning process, workers would enter the cask through a small hatch and brush it clean, but at the risk of being poisoned by the fumes. To be on the safe side, a flame was introduced: if it went out, there was no oxygen and it was impossible to enter. This could only be done safely if the flame was kept alight. Nowadays, the cleaning process is carried out with pressurised hoses, and for more thorough disinfection, sulphur is burnt in balls and set on fire.

Once the cider is fermented, it is sent to a storage cellar, filtered and bottled by adding sugar and carbon dioxide in different proportions, depending on the type of cider being made. All the incoming cider is bottled within the year. If consumption is delayed, it is best to store the bottles horizontally, as the cork expands and stays damp, thus better preserving the cider’s properties, such as aroma and carbonation. The cellar is kept all year round between 10º and 14º, facing north and with stone walls, wooden ceilings and layers of insulation, which helps to preserve and maintain the product at a stable temperature all year round. In the old days, the floor was made of clay and kept the humidity in, although nowadays it is covered with cement, which facilitates disinfection and cleaning. There were no lights more than a century ago, for the rest the cellar is still the same as the original one.

On a barrel in the middle of the cellar, all the types of cider produced by El Gaitero can be seen: the best known are Silver (4’1º) and Gold (5º) or Extra Cider, centenary and sweet. In 2000, the green neck or alcohol-free cider began to be produced, the non-alcoholic version of the silver cider, which is also available in a 1/3 bottle format. For the last three Christmases, El Gaitero Rosé has been on the market. Its base and alcohol content is once again silver, although with a little less sugar, so it is considered semi-sweet, and pink in colour, as it is macerated with the skin of the red fruit for a few minutes before pressing. The bubbles are smaller and smoother, perfect for toasting, and in a specific format for the on-trade that is easier to use. There are also practical formats such as a third or half litre, with the aim of deseasonalising cider; Red Grape with red tempranillo grape juice and a garnet colour, which is exported to England and Sweden and was first produced eight years ago; pure pasteurised apple juice, without sugar or preservatives; Spring Ciders, for the last four years, in can and bottle format and exported all over Europe, in alcoholic, non-alcoholic and grape juice versions (between 4.5º and 5.5º); Silver is also produced in 1/3 format, as a novelty since last year.

Among the ciders with Designation of Origin, since 2002 and as the same name of the original brand could not be used until 9 years ago, we find Pomarina, with a more modern aesthetic; Brut Nature with a golden neck (champenoise method, second fermentation inside the bottle and endogenous carbonic), which requires storage in a tip and rotation so that the lees are not left on the same side. The neck is then frozen at -20º and disgorged, corked and labelled by hand, bottle by bottle. This way it becomes an artisanal cider, whose production is around 5,000 bottles a year and can be purchased in specialised and gourmet shops. The rest are fermented in modern cellars in large pressurised tanks (granvas) at controlled temperatures; traditional, El Gaitero’s only pouring cider, with a production of 5,000 bottles that are only sold in the physical shop and online, as a symbolic product; new expression or table cider, which is served without pouring, so it is intended for restaurants, and whose production began ten years ago; two sparkling ciders- Brut and Dry- with muselet, second fermentation, endogenous carbonic and filtered. They also produce ice cider, being the only cidery in Asturias where apples are pressed frozen (cryoextraction, with a yield of 10-12%), unlike other cider mills where it is made by cryoconcentration, or freezing the juice. The process is manual and 2,500 bottles are produced per year. For each 37.5 cl. bottle, 5 kilos of apples are needed. The juices are highly concentrated in sugar, with an alcohol volume of around 9º, which are consumed like a liqueur and taste like baked apples.

The barrels in the next room have, as a tribute, the names and coats of arms of the Spanish communities that most consumed El Gaitero cider more than 100 years ago. They have a capacity of between 60,000 and 70,000 litres, with the ciders from the larger barrels being better preserved. Made of American oak, they were restored with Spanish and French oak, then chestnut. There was a carpentry workshop at the factory until 2015, with two permanent carpenters on staff all year round, who maintained, repaired and restored the barrels. Due to the very characteristics of wood, which is a living element, it cannot be covered with another element until all the staves or strips are dry. When they are completely dry, coopers are called in and by means of external and internal scaffolding, the internal area is sprayed with resin, mixers are used to allow it to cool and once it has solidified, the inside of the barrel is left with a glazed appearance.

In the adjacent room, the barrels dedicated to America are on display. The best known slogan of the brand is ‘Sidra El Gaitero, famous all over the world’, being exported to 39 countries, the main one being the American continent, as export has always been associated with emigration. Even the founders were emigrants from the Indies, hence the palm trees outside the factory. Specifically, they went to Acapulco, Mexico, and with the capital they made there they were able to build the facilities in Villaviciosa. Last December was the 6th anniversary of the new management, corresponding to the fifth generation, which is still family owned. In the centre we can see a large wooden press, about 200 years old, where the apples were poured and several men turned the central screw to press them. Once the juice was obtained, the barrels were spiked or opened and food was shared at celebrations that marked the end of the ‘andechas’ or ‘sextaferias’, when the locals would gather and share the work of the village. The barrels with two locks are the ones that have been restored and are in perfect use. The drinks that require wood are those that age for years, such as cider brandy or apple marc.

In the storage cellar, the cider waits to be bottled while cooling machines keep it at an optimum temperature. There is also a cellar from the 1970s with 93 enamelled steel vats with a capacity of 56,700 litres each, a total of more than 5,200,000 litres of cider in this room alone. Racking is carried out through pipes and filtering takes about 18 hours in two cylinders with a self-cleaning system and 105 ceramic tubes with 0.22-micron pores. They are called tangential filters because their position is not perpendicular, but tangential to the walls, so as not to saturate the pores, through which the filtered cider comes out. The rest of the cider, through friction, helps to clean the wall. Once filtered, it is passed to other tanks and from there to the bottling plant. This depends on the type of cider, depending on the process (sugar injectors, gas injectors…).

Other products such as apple jam, jelly and marmalade are made in the adjoining warehouse. From September to December, El Gaitero nougats are made with marcona almonds from Alicante, following the same artisanal process as 70 years ago: hand-ground and mixed with honey, each tablet is cut by guillotine and each ‘gloria’ –egg yolk and almond cake- is hand-wrapped. These exclusive products are destined for the regional market. The wines are made in La Rioja and the preserves in the Porceyo industrial estate in Gijón: fabada, tripe, chorizo in cider, pig’s trotters, Asturian stew, etc… This diversification of products began in the mid-1950s and continues to the present day.

The stainless steel cellar, following the orchards adjacent to the factory, houses the Designation of Origin cides. In May, the apple blossoming takes place, which can be seen by means of a tourist train. The earliest apples are harvested by hand from September onwards, with December being the date for the later ones, depending on the variety.

In the smaller winery there are only 14 barrels, seven fermentation barrels of 55,000 liters and seven pressure barrels of 21,000 liters each. The temperature of each barrel varies, and can be 3.5º, 5.6º, 6.1º… Although fermentation takes place at around 14º, the winemaker then stabilizes the product in cold storage until bottling. If, as it ferments, we bottle it, the resulting product is the «escanciado» cider. If fermented, filtered and bottled, we obtain the new expression cider. If, once fermented, it is transferred to pressure tanks, yeast and sugars are added, it continues fermenting increasing its alcohol content and generating natural carbon dioxide, it is cold filtered so that it does not lose its natural bubbles and finally bottled, resulting in sparkling Pomarina or Black Label.

In the case of needing to introduce barrels in a warehouse, the process must be done through the roof, raising the entire ceiling, since the walls are made of stone.

The Villaviciosa estuary was used by the company as a trade route, from where barges and steamers departed and towed them to large ports, almost always Gijon. From there, they were transported by ocean liners to American destinations such as Cuba or Mexico until 1965, when road transport was used. Nowadays, it has to be dredged in its entirety for transport. From this point you can see the bottling plant, the logistics and lorry loading area, as well as two new warehouses with a surface area of 50,000 m2.

The laboratory is staffed by the oenologist Tano Collada, the chemist, the biologist and the trainees. In this laboratory, quality controls are carried out and R+D+I research work on new products is performed.

Until 8 years ago, the wineries in La Rioja were shared 50% with the Masaveu Group. Currently, El Gaitero maintains them in sole ownership.

The visit ends with a tasting of Black Label PDO cider, with endogenous carbonic and 7º of alcohol content and El Gaitero Rosé, semi-sweet of 4’1º, in a room where all the products elaborated by the company are exhibited, as well as the awards obtained in different national and international competitions.

A thousand thanks to all El Gaitero team for making such a special day possible for me and, especially, to Elvira and Eva for their professionalism in the wonderful guided tour. A pleasure for the senses!

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